In the olden days of teletype terminals, terminals were away from computers and were connected to them through serial cables. The terminals could be configured by sending a series of bytes to each of them. All the capabilities (such as moving the cursor to a new location, erasing part of the screen, scrolling the screen, changing modes, changing appearance, colors, brightness, blinking, underlining, reverse video etc.) of terminals could be accessed through these series of bytes which are usually called escape sequences because they start with an escape(0x1B) character. Even today, with proper emulation, we can send escape sequences to the emulator and achieve the same effect on the terminal window.
Suppose you wanted to print a line in color. Try typing this on your console.
echo "^[[0;31;40mIn Color" |
The first character is an escape character, which looks like two characters ^ and [. To be able to print that you have to press CTRL+V and then the ESC key. All the others are normal printable characters. You should be able to see the string "In Color" in red. It stays that way and to revert back to the original mode type this.
echo "^[[0;37;40m" |
Now, what do those magic characters mean? Difficult to comprehend? They might even be different for different terminals. So the designers of UNIX invented a mechanism named termcap. It is a file that lists all the capabilities of a particular terminal, along with the escape sequences needed to achieve a particular effect. In the later years, this was replaced by terminfo. Without delving too much into details, the concept of the mechanism is to allow application programs query the terminfo database and obtain the control characters to be sent to the terminal or terminal emulator.
You might be wondering, what the import of all this technical gibberish is. In the above scenario, every application program is supposed to query the terminfo and do the necessary stuff(sending control characters etc.). It soon became difficult to manage this complexity and this gave birth to 'CURSES'. Curses is a pun on the name "cursor optimization". The Curses library forms a wrapper over working with raw terminal codes, and provides highly flexible and efficient API (Application Programming Interface). It provides functions to move the cursor, create windows, produce colors, play with mouse etc. The Application programs need not worry about the underlying terminal capabilities.
So what is NCURSES? NCURSES is a clone of the original System V Release 4.0 (SVr4) curses. It is a freely distributable library, fully compatible with older version of curses. In short, it is a library of functions that manages an application's display on character-cell terminals. In the remainder of the document, the terms curses and ncurses are used interchangeably.
The ncurses package was originated by Pavel Curtis. The original maintainer of this package is Zeyd Ben-Halim <zmbenhal@netcom.com>. Eric S. Raymond <esr@snark.thyrsus.com> wrote many of the new features in versions after 1.8.1. Jürgen Pfeifer wrote all of the menu and forms code as well as the Ada95 binding. Ongoing work is being done by Thomas Dickey and Jürgen Pfeifer. Florian La Roche acts as the maintainer for the Free Software Foundation, which holds the copyright on ncurses. Contact the current maintainers at bug-ncurses@gnu.org.
Ncurses not only creates a wrapper over terminal capabilities, but also gives a robust framework to create nice looking UI (User Interface)s in text mode. It provides functions to create windows etc. Its sister libraries panel, menu and form provide an extension to the basic curses library. These libraries usually come along with curses. One can create applications that contain multiple windows, menus, panels and forms. Windows can be managed independently, can provide 'scrollability' and even can be hidden.
Menus provide the user with an easy command selection option. Forms allow the creation of easy-to-use data entry and display windows. Panels extend the capabilities of ncurses to deal with overlapping and stacked windows.
These are just some of the basic things we can do with ncurses. As we move along, We will see all the capabilities of these libraries.
All right, now that you know what you can do with ncurses, you must be rearing to get started. Ncurses is usually shipped with your installation. In case you don't have the library or want to compile it on your own, read on.
Compiling the package
Ncurses can be obtained from ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ncurses/ncurses.tar.gz or any of the ftp sites mentioned in http://www.gnu.org/order/ftp.html. The latest stable release is 5.2 20001021.
Read the README and INSTALL files for details on to how to install it. It usually involves the following operations.
tar zxvf ncurses<version>.tar.gz # unzip and untar the archive
cd ncurses<version> # cd to the directory
./configure # configure the build according to your
# environment
make # make it
su root # become root
make install # install it |
Using the RPM
Ncurses RPM can be found and downloaded from http://rpmfind.net . The RPM can be installed with the following command after becoming root.
rpm -i <downloaded rpm> |
This document is intended to be a "All in One" guide for programming with ncurses and its sister libraries. We graduate from a simple "Hello World" program to more complex form manipulation. No prior experience in ncurses is assumed.
All the programs in the document are available in zipped form here. Unzip and untar it. The directory structure looks like this.
ncurses | |----> JustForFun -- just for fun programs |----> basics -- basic programs |----> demo -- output files go into this directory after make | | | |----> exe -- exe files of all example programs |----> forms -- programs related to form library |----> menus -- programs related to menus library |----> panels -- programs related to panels library |----> Makefile -- the top level Makefile |----> README -- the top level README file. contains instructions |----> COPYING -- copyright notice |
The individual directories contain the following files.
Description of files in each directory
--------------------------------------
JustForFun
|
|----> hanoi.c -- The Towers of Hanoi Solver
|----> life.c -- The Game of Life demo
|----> magic.c -- An Odd Order Magic Square builder
|----> queens.c -- The famous N-Queens Solver
|----> shuffle.c -- A fun game, if you have time to kill
|----> tt.c -- A very trivial typing tutor
basics
|
|----> acs_vars.c -- ACS_ variables example
|----> hello_world.c -- Simple "Hello World" Program
|----> init_func_example.c -- Initialization functions example
|----> key_code.c -- Shows the scan code of the key pressed
|----> mouse_menu.c -- A menu accessible by mouse
|----> other_border.c -- Shows usage of other border functions apa
| -- rt from box()
|----> printw_example.c -- A very simple printw() example
|----> scanw_example.c -- A very simple getstr() example
|----> simple_attr.c -- A program that can print a c file with
| -- comments in attribute
|----> simple_color.c -- A simple example demonstrating colors
|----> simple_key.c -- A menu accessible with keyboard UP, DOWN
| -- arrows
|----> temp_leave.c -- Demonstrates temporarily leaving curses mode
|----> win_border.c -- Shows Creation of windows and borders
|----> with_chgat.c -- chgat() usage example
forms
|
|----> form_attrib.c -- Usage of field attributes
|----> form_options.c -- Usage of field options
|----> form_simple.c -- A simple form example
|----> form_win.c -- Demo of windows associated with forms
menus
|
|----> menu_attrib.c -- Usage of menu attributes
|----> menu_item_data.c -- Usage of item_name() etc.. functions
|----> menu_multi_column.c -- Creates multi columnar menus
|----> menu_scroll.c -- Demonstrates scrolling capability of menus
|----> menu_simple.c -- A simple menu accessed by arrow keys
|----> menu_toggle.c -- Creates multi valued menus and explains
| -- REQ_TOGGLE_ITEM
|----> menu_userptr.c -- Usage of user pointer
|----> menu_win.c -- Demo of windows associated with menus
panels
|
|----> panel_browse.c -- Panel browsing through tab. Usage of user
| -- pointer
|----> panel_hide.c -- Hiding and Un hiding of panels
|----> panel_resize.c -- Moving and resizing of panels
|----> panel_simple.c -- A simple panel example |
There is a top level Makefile included in the main directory. It builds all the files and puts the ready-to-use exes in demo/exe directory. You can also do selective make by going into the corresponding directory. Each directory contains a README file explaining the purpose of each c file in the directory.
For every example I have given the path name for the file relative to the ncurses directory.
If you prefer you can browse individual programs at http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/ncurses_programs/
All the programs are released under GPL and you can use them for any thing you like.
This howto is also availabe in various other formats on the tldp.org site. Here are the links to other formats of this document.
If above links are broken or if you want to experiment with sgml read on.
Get both the source and the tar,gzipped programs, available at
http://cvsview.tldp.org/index.cgi/LDP/howto/docbook/
NCURSES-HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.sgml
http://cvsview.tldp.org/index.cgi/LDP/howto/docbook/
NCURSES-HOWTO/ncurses_programs.tar.gz
Unzip ncurses_programs.tar.gz with
tar zxvf ncurses_programs.tar.gz
Use jade to create various formats. For example if you just want to create
the multiple html files, you would use
jade -t sgml -i html -d <path to docbook html stylesheet>
NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.sgml
to get pdf, first create a single html file of the HOWTO with
jade -t sgml -i html -d <path to docbook html stylesheet> -V nochunks
NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.sgml > NCURSES-ONE-BIG-FILE.html
then use htmldoc to get pdf file with
htmldoc --size universal -t pdf --firstpage p1 -f <output file name.pdf>
NCURSES-ONE-BIG-FILE.html
for ps, you would use
htmldoc --size universal -t ps --firstpage p1 -f <output file name.ps>
NCURSES-ONE-BIG-FILE.html |
See LDP Author guide for more details. If all else failes, mail me at p_padala@yahoo.com
I thank Sharath and Emre Akbas for helping me with few sections. The introduction was initially written by sharath. I rewrote it with few excerpts taken from his initial work. Emre helped in writing printw and scanw sections.
Then comes Ravi Parimi, my dearest friend, who has been on this project before even one line was written. He constantly bombarded me with suggestions and patiently reviewed the whole text. He also checked each program on Linux and Solaris. See his notes to check on your problems.
This is the wish list, in the order of priority. If you have a wish or you want to work on completing the wish, mail me.
Add examples to last parts of forms section. (I am working on it)
Prepare a Demo showing all the programs and allow the user to browse through description of each program. Let the user compile and see the program in action. A dialog based interface is preferred. (My friend N.N.Ashok is working on it)
Add debug info. _tracef, _tracemouse stuff.
Accessing termcap, terminfo using functions provided by ncurses package.
Working on two terminals simultaneously.
Add things in miscellaneous section.
Copyright (c) 2001 by Pradeep Padala. This document may be distributed under the terms set forth in the LDP license at linuxdoc.org/COPYRIGHT.html.
This HOWTO is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the LDP license. This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. See the LDP license for more details.