A modern driver for a device will find out the bus-resource configuration without you having to tell it anything. It may even set the bus-resources in the hardware using PnP methods. Some drivers have more than one way to find out how their physical device is configured. In the worst case you must hard-code the bus-resources into the kernel (or a module) and recompile.
In the middle are cases such as where you run a program to give the bus-resource info to the driver or put the info in a configuration file. In some cases the driver may probe for the device at addresses where it suspects the device resides (but it will never find a PnP device if it hasn't been enabled by PnP methods). It may then try to test various IRQs to see which one works. It may or may not automatically do this.
In the modern case the driver should use PnP methods to find the device and how the bus-resources have been set by the BIOS, etc. but will not actually set them. It may also look at some of the "files" in the /proc directory.
One may need to "manually" tell a driver what bus-resources it should use. You give such bus-resources as a parameter to the kernel or to a loadable module. If the driver is built into the kernel, you pass the parameters to the kernel via the "boot-prompt". See The Boot-Prompt-HOWTO which describes some of the bus-resource and other parameters. Once you know what parameters to give to the kernel, one may put them into a boot loader configuration file. For example, put append="...". into the lilo.conf file and then use the lilo command to get this info into the lilo kernel loader.
If the driver is loaded as a module, in many cases the module will find the bus-resources needed and then set them in the device. In other cases (mostly for older PCs) you may need to give bus-resources as parameters to the module. Parameters to a module (including ones that automatically load) may be specified in /etc/modules.conf. There are usually tools used to modify this file which are distribution-dependent. Comments in this file should help regarding how to modify it. Also, any module your put in /etc/modules will get loaded along with its parameters.
While there is much non-uniformity about how drivers find out about bus-resources, the end goal is the same. If you're having problems with a driver you may need to look at the driver documentation (check the kernel documentation tree). Some brief examples of a few drivers is presented in the following sections:
For PCI serial ports (and for newer 2.4 kernels for ISA), the serial driver detects the type of serial port and PnP configures it. Unfortunately, there may be some PCI serial ports that are not supported yet.
For the standard ISA serial port with older versions of the kernel and
serial driver (not for multiport cards) you use setserial to inform
the driver. Using setserial is also a must for non-pnp serial ports.
Setserial is often run from a start-up file. In newer versions there
is a /etc/serial.conf file that you "edit" by simply using the
setserial command in the normal way and what you set using
setserial is saved in the serial.conf configuration
file. The serial.conf file should be consulted when the
setserial command runs from a start-up file. Your distribution
may or may not set this up for you.
There are two different ways to use setserial depending on the
options you give it. One way is used to manually tell the driver the
configuration. The other way is to probe at a given address and
report if a serial port exists there. It can also probe this address
and try to detect what IRQ is used for this port. The driver runs
something like setserial at start-up but it doesn't probe for
IRQs, it just assigns the "standard" IRQ which may be wrong. It does
probe for the existence of a port. See Serial-HOWTO for more details.
You must give the IO, IRQ, and DMA as parameters to a module or compile them into the kernel. But some PCI cards will get automatically detected. RedHat supplies a program "sndconfig" which detects ISA PnP sound cards and automatically sets up the modules for loading with the detected bus-resources.
These will detect the card by PnP methods and then select the appropriate driver and load it. It will also set the bus-resources on an ISA-PnP card. You may need to manually intervene to avoid conflicts. For the ALSA driver, support for ISA-PnP is optional and you may use isapnp tools if you want to.