There are various files to edit to set up the computer for terminals. If you're lucky, you'll only need to edit /etc/inittab. One does this by editing at the console (or from any working terminal).
In order to have a login process run on a serial port (and the terminal connected to it) when the computer starts up (or switches run levels) a getty command must be put into the /etc/inittab file. Running getty from the command line may cause problems (see If getty run from command line: Programs get stopped to see why ). Getty GETs a TTY (a terminal) going. Each terminal needs its own getty command. There is also at least one getty command for the console in every /etc/inittab file. Find this and put the getty commands for the real terminals next to it. This file may contain sample getty lines for text terminals that are commented out so that all you need to do is to uncomment them (remove the leading #) and change a few arguments.
The arguments which are permitted depend on which getty you
use:
Two gettys best for directly connected terminals are:
Your Linux distribution may come with either ps_getty or agetty for text-terminals. Some distributions supply neither. Unfortunately, they often just call it "getty" so you may need to determine which one you have since the arguments you put after it in /etc/inittab differ. Debian uses agetty (in the util-linux package). RedHat uses ps_getty which was found at: http://www.redhat.com/swr/i386/getty_ps-2.0.7j-12.i386.html
As a last resort to try to determine which getty you have, you might
check out its executable code (usually in /sbin). ps_getty has
/etc/gettydefs embedded in this code. To search for it, go
to /sbin and type:
strings getty | grep getty
If getty is actually agetty the above will result in
nothing. However if you have agetty typing:
getty
-h
should show the options [-hiLmw].
If you don't have the getty you want check other distributions and the
alien program to convert between RPM and Debian packages. The source
code may be downloaded from
Getty Software.
If you are not using modem control lines (for example if you only use the minimum number of 3 conductors: transmit, receive, and common signal ground) you should let getty know this by using a "local" flag. The format of this depends on which getty you use.
After you log in you will notice (by using "top", "ps -ax", or "ptree") that the getty process is no longer running. What happened to it? Why does getty restart again if your shell is killed? Here's why.
After you type in your user name, getty takes it and calls the login program telling it your user name. The getty process is replaced by the login process. The login process asks for your password, checks it and starts whatever process is specified in your password file. This process is often the bash shell. If so, bash starts and replaces the login process. Note that one process replaces another and that the bash shell process originally started as the getty process. The implications of this will be explained below.
Now in the /etc/inittab file, getty is supposed to respawn (restart) if killed. It says so on the line that calls getty. But if the bash shell (or the login process) is killed, getty respawns (restarts). Why? Well, both the login process and bash are replacements for getty and inherit the signal connections establish by their predecessors. In fact if you observe the details you will notice that the replacement process will have the same process ID as the original process. Thus bash is sort of getty in disguise with the same process ID number. If bash is killed it is just like getty was killed (even though getty isn't running anymore). This results in getty respawning.
When one logs out, all the processes on that serial port are killed including the bash shell. This may also happen (if enabled) if a hangup signal is sent to the serial port by a drop of DCD voltage by the modem. Either the logout or drop in DCD will result in getty respawning. One may force getty to respawn by manually killing bash (or login) either by hitting the k key, etc. while in "top" or with the "kill" command. You will likely need to kill it with signal 9 (which can't be ignored).
You should normally run getty from inside /etc/inittab
and not from the command line or else some programs running on the
terminal may be unexpectedly suspended (stopped). Here's why (skip to
the next section if the why is not important to you). If you start
getty for say ttyS1 from the command line of another terminal, say tty1,
then it will have tty1 as its "controlling terminal" even though the
actual terminal it runs on is ttyS1. Thus it has the wrong
controlling terminal. But if it's started inside the inittab file
then it will have ttyS1 as the controlling terminal (correct).
Even though the controlling terminal is wrong, the login at ttyS1 works
fine (since you gave ttyS1 as an argument to getty). The standard
input and output are set to ttyS1 even though the controlling terminal
remains tty11. Other programs run at ttyS1 may inherit this standard
input/output (which is connected to ttyS1) and everything is OK. But
some programs may make the mistake of trying to read from their
controlling terminal (tty1) which is wrong. Now tty1 may think that
these programs are being run in the background by tty1 so an attempt
to read from tty1 (it should have been ttyS1) results in stopping the
process that attempted to read. (A background process is not allowed
to read from its controlling terminal.). You may see a message
something like: "[1]+ Stopped" on the screen. At this point
you are stuck since you can't interact with a process which is trying
to communicate with you via the wrong terminal. Of course to escape
from this you can go to another terminal and kill the process, etc.
An example line in /etc/inittab:
S1:23:respawn:/sbin/getty -L 19200 ttyS1 vt102
The agetty program will attempt to auto-detect the parity set
inside the terminal (including no parity). It doesn't support 8-bit
data bytes plus 1-bit parity. See
8-bit data bytes (plus parity). If you use stty to set parity,
agetty will automatically unset it since it initially wants the
parity bit to come thru as if it was a data bit. This is because it
needs to get the last bit (possibly a parity bit) as you type your
login-name so that it can auto-detect parity. Thus if you use parity,
enable it only inside the text-terminal and let agetty
auto-detect it and set it at the computer. If your terminal supports
received parity, the login prompt will look garbled until you type
something so that getty can detect the parity. The garbled prompt
will deter visitors, etc. from trying to login. That could be just
what you want.
There is sometimes a problem with auto detection of parity. This
happens because after you first type your login name, agetty
starts the login program to finish logging you in.
Unfortunately, the login program can't detect parity so if the
getty program failed to determine the parity then login will
not be able to determine it either. If the first login attempt fails,
login will let you try again, etc. (all with the parity set
wrong). Eventually, after a number of failed attempts to login (or
after a timeout) agetty will start up again and start the login
sequences all over again. Once getty is running again, it may be able
to detect the parity on the second try so everything may then work OK.
With wrong parity, the login program can't correctly read what
you type and you can't log in. If your terminal supports received
parity, you will continue to see a garbled screen. If getty fails to
detect parity an /etc/issue file is usually dumped to the screen just
before the before the prompt, so more garbled words may appear on the
screen.
Why can't agetty detect parity by the first letter typed? Here's an example: Suppose it detects an 8-bit byte with its parity bit 0 (high-order bit) and with an odd number of 1-bits. What parity is it? Well, the odd number of 1 bits implies that it's odd parity. But it could also just be an 8-bit character with no parity. There's no way so far to determine which. But so far we have eliminated the possibility of even parity. The detection of parity thus proceeds by a process of elimination.
If the next byte typed is similar to the first one and also only eliminates the possibility of even parity, it's still impossible to determine parity. This situation can continue indefinitely and in rare cases login will fail until you change your login-name. If agetty finds a parity bit of 1 it will assume that this is a parity bit and not a high-order bit of an 8-bit character. It thus assumes that you don't use meta-characters (high bit set) in your user name (i.e that your name is in ASCII).
One may get into a "login loop" in various ways. Suppose you only type a single letter or two for your login name and then hit return. If these letters are not sufficient for parity detection, then login runs before parity has been detected. Sometimes this problem happens if you don't have the terminal on and/or connected when agetty first starts up.
If you get stuck in this "login loop" a way out of it is to hit the return key several times until you get the getty login prompt. Another way is to just wait a minute or so for a timeout. Then the getty login prompt will be put on the screen by the getty program and you may try again to log in.
Unfortunately, agetty can't detect this parity. As of late 1999 it has no option for disabling the auto-detection of parity and thus will detect incorrect parity. The result is that the login process will be garbled and parity will be set wrong. Thus it doesn't seem feasible to try to use 8-bit data bytes with parity.
(Most of this is from the old Serial-HOWTO by Greg Hankins)
For this getty one needs to both put entries in a configuration file
and add an entry in /etc/inittab. Here are some example
entries to use for your terminal that you put into the configuration
file /etc/gettydefs.
# 38400 bps Dumb Terminal entry
DT38400# B38400 CS8 CLOCAL # B38400 SANE -ISTRIP CLOCAL #@S @L login: #DT38400
# 19200 bps Dumb Terminal entry
DT19200# B19200 CS8 CLOCAL # B19200 SANE -ISTRIP CLOCAL #@S @L login: #DT19200
# 9600 bps Dumb Terminal entry
DT9600# B9600 CS8 CLOCAL # B9600 SANE -ISTRIP CLOCAL #@S @L login: #DT9600
Note that the DT38400, DT19200, etc. are just labels and must
be the same that you use in /etc/inittab.
If you want, you can make getty print interesting things in the
login banner. In my examples, I have the system name and the serial
line printed. You can add other things:
@B The current (evaluated at the time the @B is seen) bps rate.
@D The current date, in MM/DD/YY.
@L The serial line to which getty is attached.
@S The system name.
@T The current time, in HH:MM:SS (24-hour).
@U The number of currently signed-on users. This is a
count of the number of entries in the /etc/utmp file
that have a non-null ut_name field.
@V The value of VERSION, as given in the defaults file.
To display a single '@' character, use either '\@' or '@@'.
When you are done editing /etc/gettydefs, you can verify that
the syntax is correct by doing:
linux# getty -c /etc/gettydefs
Make sure there is no other getty or uugetty config file for
the serial port that your terminal is attached to such as
(/etc/default/{uu}getty.ttySN or
/etc/conf.{uu}getty.ttySN), as this will probably
interfere with running getty on a terminal. Remove such
conflicting files if they exits.
Edit your /etc/inittab file to run getty on the serial
port (substituting in the correct information for your environment -
port, speed, and default terminal type):
S1:23:respawn:/sbin/getty ttyS1 DT9600 vt100
init:
linux# init q
At this point, you should see a login prompt on your terminal. You may have to hit return to get the terminal's attention.
The "m" stands for modem. This program is primarily for modems
and as of mid 2000 it will require recompiling to use it for
text-terminals (unless you use hardware flow control --and that
usually requires a hand-made cable). For the documentation for
directly connected terminals see the "Direct" section of the manual:
mgetty.texi.
Look at the last lines of /etc/mgetty/mgetty.config for an
example of configuring it for a terminal. Unless you say "toggle-dtr
no" it will think that you have a modem and drop (negate) the DTR pin
at the PC in a vain attempt to reset the non-existent modem. In
contrast to other gettys, mgetty will not attach itself to a terminal
until someone hits any key of that terminal so you'll see a ? for the
terminal in top or ps until this happens. The logs in
/var/log/mgetty/ may show a few warning messages which are
only applicable to modems which you may ignore.
Here's an example of the simple line you put in /etc/inittab:
s1:23:respawn:/sbin/mgetty -r ttyS1
There is both a "stty" command and a "setserial" command for
setting up the serial ports. Some (or all) of the needed stty
settings can be done via getty and there may be no need to use
setserial so you may not need to use either command. These two
commands (stty and setserial) set up different aspects of the serial
port. Stty does the most while setserial configures the low-level
stuff such as interrupts and port addresses. To "save" the settings,
these commands must be written in certain files (shell scripts) which
run each time the computer starts up. Distributions of Linux often
supply a shell script which runs setserial but seldom supply one
which runs stty since on seldom need it.
This part is in 3 HOWTOs: Modem, Serial, and Text-Terminal. There
are some minor differences, depending on which HOWTO it appears in.
If you have a Laptop (PCMCIA) don't use setserial until you
read
Laptops: PCMCIA.
The term PnP means Plug-and-Play. All serial ports on the PCI bus are PnP and many on the ISA bus are also PnP. Linux software with the term "pnp" in it is usually only for the ISA bus. The PCI bus is inherently PnP so sofware for dealing with PnP on the PCI bus usually contains the term "pci" but not "pnp".
setserial is a program which allows you (or a shell script) to
talk to the serial device driver software. You may use it to tell the
device driver how the hardware is phsically set (I/O addrees, IRQ,
etc.). But normally, the device drivers finds out this infomation
itself so that you don't need to use setserial. But if the device
driver can't find a serial port (or perhaps gets the IRQ wrong) and
you can find out this infomation while the driver can't, then
setserial is essential. How to find serial ports is covered
elsewhere, and in a minority of cases, setserial will be useful
to help find them.
setserial permits you (or a script) to configure the serial port
by telling the device driver the I/O address of the serial port, which
interrupt (IRQ) is set in the port's hardware, what type of UART you
have, etc. The name setserial is somewhat of a misnomer since it
doesn't set the I/O address nor IRQ in the hardware, it just "sets"
them in the driver software. And the driver naively believes that
what setserial tells it has already been set in the hardware.
Since the device driver is considered to be part of the kernel, the
word "kernel" is often used in other documentation with no mention
made of any "serial driver".
Some distributions (and versions) set things up so that setserial is
run at boot-time by an initialization shell script (usually in the
/etc directory tree). In other cases, you have to take some action to
run setserial at boot-time. setserial will not work without
either serial support built into the kernel or loaded as a module.
The module may get loaded automatically if you (or a script) attempt
to use setserial.
In addition to using setserial to configure, setserial can
show you how the driver is currently configured (set). Hopefully, the
hardware is set the same. In addition, it can be made to probe the
hardware I0 port addresses to try to determine the UART type and IRQ,
but this has severe limitations. See
Probing. Note that it can't set the IRQ or the port address
in the hardware of PnP serial ports (but the plug-and-play features of
the serial driver may do this). It also can't directly read the PnP
data stored in configuration registers in the hardware. But since the
device driver can read these registers, setserial could be
telling you what's in them, or it could be telling you what
setserial had previously (and perhaps erroneously) told the
driver. There's no way to know for sure without doing some other
checks.
The serial driver (for Linux 2.4+) looks for a few "standard" legacy
serial ports, for PnP ports on the ISA bus, and for all supported port
hardware on the PCI bus. If it finds these OK then there's no need to
use setserial. The driver doesn't probe for legacy IRQs and may
get these wrong.
Besides the man page for setserial, check out info in
/usr/doc/setserial.../ or /usr/share/doc/setserial.
It should tell you how setserial is handled in your distribution of
Linux. While setserial behaves the same in all distributions,
the scripts for running it, how to configure such scripts (including
automatic configuration), and the names and locations of the script
files, etc., are all distribution-dependent. If your serial port is Plug-and-Play you may need to consult other
HOWTOs such as Plug-and-Play or Serial.
If a serial module gets unloaded, the changes previously made by
setserial will be forgotten by the driver. But while the driver
forgets it, a script provided by the distribution may save it in a
file somewhere so that it can the restored if the module is reloaded.
setserial commandRemember, that setserial can't set any I/O addresses or IRQs
in the hardware. That's done either by plug-and-play software (run by
the driver) or by jumpers for legacy serial ports. Even if you give
an I/O address or IRQ to the driver via setserial it will not set
such values and assumes that they have already been set. If you give
it wrong values, the serial port will not work right (if at all).
For legacy ports, if you know the I/O address but don't know the IRQ you may command setserial to attempt to determine the IRQ.
You can see a list of possible commands by just typing setserial
with no arguments. This fails to show you the one-letter options such
as -v for verbose which you should normally use when troubleshooting.
Note that setserial calls an IO address a "port". If you type:
setserial -g /dev/ttyS*
"UART: unknown" it
probably means that no uart exists. In other words, you probably have
no such serial port and the other info shown about the port is
meaningless and should be ignored. If you really do have such a
serial port, setserial doesn't recognize it and that needs to be
fixed.
If you add -a to the option -g you will see more info although few
people need to deal with (or understand) this additional info since
the default settings you see usually work fine. In normal cases the
hardware is set up the same way as "setserial" reports. But if you are
having problems there is a good chance that setserial has it wrong.
In fact, you can run "setserial" and assign a purely fictitious I/O
port address, any IRQ, and whatever uart type you would like to have.
Then the next time you type "setserial ..." it will display these
bogus values you've supplied to the driver. They will also be officially
registered with the kernel as displayed (at the top of the screen) by
the "scanport" command (Debian). Of course the serial
port driver will not work correctly (if at all) if you attempt to use
such a port. Thus, when giving parameters to setserial, "anything
goes". Well almost. If you assign one port a base address that is
already assigned (such as 3e8) it may not accept it. But if you use
3e9 it will accept it. Unfortunately 3e9 is actually assigned since it
is within the range starting at base address 3e8. Thus the moral of
the story is to make sure your data is correct before assigning
resources with setserial.
While assignments made by setserial are lost when the PC is powered
off, a configuration file usually restores them when the PC is started
up again. In newer versions, what you change by setserial might get
automatically saved to a configuration file. When setserial runs
it uses the info from the the configuration file. In Debian there are
4 options for use of this configuration file:
setserial reports when the system is first
shutdown and put it in the configuration file. After that, don't ever
make any changes to the configuration file, even if someone has made
changes by running the setserial command on the command line and
then shuts down the system. ("autosave-once" option)setserial detects to the
configuration file. ("autosave" option)In old versions (perhaps before 2000), there wasn't any configuration
file and the configuration was manually set (hard coded) inside the
shell script that ran setserial. See
Edit a script (prior to version 2.15).
You probe for a port only when you suspect that it has been enabled (by PnP methods ,the BIOS, jumbers, etc.), otherwise setserial probing will never find it since its address doesn't exist. Probling is where the software looks for a port at specified I/O addresses. Prior to probing with "setserial", one may run the "scanport" (Debian) command to check all possible ports in one scan. It makes crude guesses as to what is on some ports but doesn't determine the IRQ. It's a fast first start. It may hang your PC but so far it's worked fine for me. Note that non-Debian distributions don't seem to supply "scanport". Is there another scan program?
With appropriate options, setserial can probe (at a given I/O
address) for a serial port but you must guess the I/O address. If you
ask it to probe for /dev/ttyS2 for example, it will only probe at the
address it thinks ttyS2 is at (2F8). If you tell setserial that ttyS2
is at a different address, then it will probe at that address, etc.
See
Probing
The purpose of such probing is to see if there is a uart there, and if
so, what its IRQ is. Use setserial mainly as a last resort as
there are faster ways to attempt it such as wvdialconf to detect
modems, looking at very early boot-time messages, or using pnpdump
--dumpregs. To try to detect the physical hardware use for
example :
setserial /dev/ttyS2 -v
autoconfig
If the resulting message shows a uart type
such as 16550A, then you're OK. If instead it shows "unknown"
for the uart type, then there is supposedly no serial port at all at
that I/O address. Some cheap serial ports don't identify themselves
correctly so if you see "unknown" you still might have a serial
port there.
Besides auto-probing for a uart type, setserial can auto-probe for
IRQ's but this doesn't always work right either. In one case it first
gave the wrong irq but when the command was repeated it found the
correct irq. In versions of setserial >= 2.15, the results of your
last probe test could be automatically saved and put into a
configuration file such as /etc/serial.conf or
/var/lib/setserial/autoserial.conf. This will be used next
time you start Linux.
It may be that two serial ports both have the same IO address set in
the hardware. Of course this is not normally permitted for the ISA
bus but it sometimes happens anyway. Probing detects one serial port
when actually there are two. However if they have different IRQs,
then the probe for IRQs may show IRQ = 0. For me, it only did this if
I first used setserial to give the IRQ a fictitious value.
While setserial may run via an initialization script,
something akin to setserial also runs earlier when the serial
module is loaded (or when the kernel starts the built-in serial driver
if it was compiled into the kernel). Thus when you watch the start-up
messages on the screen it may look like it ran twice, and in fact it
has.
But the IRQs shown may be wrong since it doesn't probe for IRQs. The second report of the same is the result of a script such as /etc/init.d/setserial. It usually does no probing and thus could be wrong about how the hardware is actually set. It only shows configuration data that got saved in a configuration files. The old method, prior to setserial 2.15, was to manually write such data directly into the script.
When the kernel loads the serial module (or if the "module equivalent"
is built into the kernel) then all supported PnP ports are detected.
For legacy (non-PnP) ports, only ttyS{0-3} are auto-detected
and the driver is set to use only IRQs 4 and 3 (regardless of what
IRQs are actually set in the hardware). No probing is done for IRQs
but it's possible to do this manually. You see this as a boot-time
message just as if setserial had been run.
For legacy ports, to correct possible errors in IRQs (or for other
reasons) there is likely a script file somewhere that runs
setserial again. Unfortunately, if this file has some IRQs
wrong, the kernel will still have incorrect info about the IRQs. This
file is usually part of the initialization done at boot-time and
whether it runs or not depends on how you (and/or your distribution)
have set up the running to these initialization scripts. It also
depends on the runlevel.
Before modifying a configuration file, you can test out a "proposed"
setserial command by just typing it on the command line. In some
cases the results of this use of setserial will automatically get
saved in /etc/serial.conf when you shutdown. So if it worked OK (and
solved your problem) then there's no need to modify any configuration
file. See
Configuration method using /etc/serial.conf, etc..
This is how it was done prior to setserial 2.15 (1999)
The objective was to modify (or create) a script file in the /etc
tree that runs setserial at boot-time. Most distributions provided
such a file (but it may not have initially resided in the /etc tree).
So prior to version 2.15 (1999) it was simpler. All you did was edit a script. There was no /etc/serial.conf file (or the like) to configure setserial. Thus you needed to find the file that runs "setserial" at boot time and edit it. If it didn't exist, you needed to create one (or place the commands in a file that ran early at boot-time). If such a file was currently being used it's likely was somewhere in the /etc directory-tree. But Redhat <6.0 has supplied it in /usr/doc/setserial/ but you need to move it to the /etc tree before using it.
The script /etc/rc.d/rc.serial was commonly used in the past.
The Debian distribution used /etc/rc.boot/0setserial.
Another file once used was /etc/rc.d/rc.local but it's may
not have run early enough. It's was reported that other processes may
try to open the serial port before rc.local ran resulting in serial
communication failure. Later on it's most likely was found in
/etc/init.d/ but wasn't normally intended to be edited.
If such a file was supplied, it likely contained a number of
commented-out examples. By uncommenting some of these and/or
modifying them, you could set things up correctly. It was important
use a valid path for setserial, and a valid
device name. You could do a test by executing this file manually
(just type its name as the super-user) to see if it works right.
Testing like this was a lot faster than doing repeated reboots to get
it right.
For versions >= 2.15 (provided your distribution implemented the change, Redhat didn't) it may be more tricky to do since the file that runs setserial on startup, /etc/init.d/setserial or the like was not intended to be edited by the user. See Configuration method using /etc/serial.conf, etc..
An example line in such a script was"
/sbin/setserial /dev/ttyS3 irq 5 uart 16550A skip_test
or, if you wanted setserial to automatically determine the uart and the IRQ for ttyS3 you would have used something like this:
/sbin/setserial /dev/ttyS3 auto_irq skip_test autoconfig
This was done for every serial port you wanted to auto configure, using a device name that really does exist on your machine. In some cases it didn't work right due to the hardware.
Prior to setserial version 2.15 (1999), the way to configure setserial
was to manually edit the shell-script that ran setserial at boot-time.
See
Edit a script (before version 2.15). Today the script and configuration file are two different
files instead of one. This shell-script is not edited but gets its
data from a configuration file such as /etc/serial.conf.
Furthermore you may not even need to edit serial.conf because using the "setserial" command on the command line may automatically cause serial.conf to be edited appropriately. This was done so that you don't need to edit any file in order to set up (or change) what setserial does each time that Linux is booted.
What often happens is this: When you shut down your PC the script
that ran "setserial" at boot-time is run again, but this time it only
does what the part for the "stop" case says to do: It uses
"setserial" to find out what the current state of "setserial" is, and
it puts that info into the serial configuration file such as
serial.conf. Thus when you run "setserial" to change
the serial.conf file, it doesn't get changed immediately but only when
and if you shut down normally.
Now you can perhaps guess what problems might occur. Suppose you don't shut down normally (someone turns the power off, etc.) and the changes don't get saved. Suppose you experiment with "setserial" and forget to run it a final time to restore the original state (or make a mistake in restoring the original state). Then your "experimental" settings are saved. There's an option to avoid this in Debian known as "AUTOSAVE-ONCE" which will be discussed later on.
If you manually edit serial.conf, then your editing is destroyed when you shut down because it gets changed back to the state of setserial at shutdown. There is a way to disable the changing of serial.conf at shutdown and that is to remove "###AUTOSAVE###" or the like from first line of serial.conf. In the Debian distribution, the removal of "###AUTOSAVE###" from the first line was once automatically done after the first time you shutdown just after installation. To retain this effect the "AUTOSAVE-ONCE" option was created which only saves the first time the system is shut down.
The file most commonly used to run setserial at boot-time (in conformance with the configuration file) is now /etc/init.d/setserial (Debian) or /etc/init.d/serial (Redhat), or etc., but it should not normally be edited. For 2.15, Redhat 6.0 just had a file /usr/doc/setserial-2.15/rc.serial which you have to move to /etc/init.d/ if you want setserial to run at boot-time.
To disable a port, use setserial to set it to "uart none". This
will not be saved. The format of /etc/serial.conf appears to be just
like that of the parameters placed after "setserial" on the command
line with one line for each port. If you don't use autosave, you may
edit /etc/serial.conf manually.
BUG: As of July 1999 there is a bug/problem in Debian since with ###AUTOSAVE### only the setserial parameters displayed by "setserial -Gg /dev/ttyS*" get saved but the other parameters don't get saved. Use the -a flag to "setserial" to see all parameters. This will only affect a small minority of users since the defaults for the parameters not saved are usually OK for most situations. It's been reported as a bug and may be fixed by now.
In order to force the current settings set by setserial to be saved to
the configuration file (serial.conf) without shutting down, do what
normally happens when you shutdown: Run the shell-script
/etc/init.d/{set}serial stop. The "stop" command will save
the current configuration but the serial ports still keep working OK.
In some cases you may wind up with both the old and new configuration methods installed but hopefully only one of them runs at boot-time. Debian labeled obsolete files with "...pre-2.15".
By default, both ttyS0 and ttyS2 will share IRQ 4, while ttyS1 and ttyS3 share IRQ 3. But actually sharing serial interrupts (using them in running programs) is not permitted unless you: 1. have kernel 2.2 or better, and 2. you've complied in support for this, and 3. your serial hardware supports it. See Serial-HOWTO: Interrupt sharing and Kernels 2.2+.
If you only have two serial ports, ttyS0 and ttyS1, you're still OK since IRQ sharing conflicts don't exist for non-existent devices.
If you add a legacy internal modem (without plug-and-play) and retain ttyS0 and ttyS1, then you should attempt to find an unused IRQ and set it both on your serial port (or modem card) and then use setserial to assign it to your device driver. If IRQ 5 is not being used for a sound card, this may be one you can use for a modem. To set the IRQ in hardware you may need to use isapnp, a PnP BIOS, or patch Linux to make it PnP. To help you determine which spare IRQ's you might have, type "man setserial" and search for say: "IRQ 11".
If you have a Laptop, read PCMCIA-HOWTO for info on the serial configuration. For serial ports on the motherboard, setserial is used just like it is for a desktop. But for PCMCIA cards (such as a modem) it's a different story. The configuring of the PCMCIA system should automatically run setserial so you shouldn't need to run it. If you do run it (by a script file or by /etc/serial.conf) it might be different and cause trouble. The autosave feature for serial.conf shouldn't save anything for PCMCIA cards (but Debian did until 2.15-7). Of course, it's always OK to use setserial to find out how the driver is configured for PCMCIA cards.
stty does much of the configuration of the serial port but
since application programs (and the getty program) often handle it,
you may not need to use it much. It's handy if you're having problems
or want to see how the port is set up. Try typing ``stty -a'' at your
terminal/console to see how it's now set. Also try typing it without
the -a (all) for a short listing which shows how it's set different
than normal. Don't try to learn all the setting unless you want to
become a serial guru. Most of the defaults should work OK and some of
the settings are needed only for certain obsolete dumb terminals made
in the 1970's.
stty is documented in the man pages with a more detailed account
in the info pages. Type "man stty" or "info stty".
Whereas setserial only deals with actual serial ports, stty is
used both for serial ports and for virtual terminals such as the standard
Linux text interface at a PC monitor. For the PC monitor, many of the
stty settings are meaningless. Changing the baud rate, etc. doesn't
appear to actually do anything.
Here are some of the items stty configures: speed (bits/sec), parity,
bits/byte, # of stop bits, strip 8th bit?, modem control signals, flow
control, break signal, end-of-line markers, change case, padding, beep
if buffer overrun?, echo what you type to the screen, allow background
tasks to write to terminal?, define special (control) characters (such
as what key to press for interrupt). See the stty man or info
page for more details. Also see the man page: termios which
covers the same options set by stty but (as of mid 1999) covers
features which the stty man page fails to mention.
For use of some special characters see
Special (Control) Characters
With some implementations of getty (getty_ps package), the commands that one would normally give to stty are typed into a getty configuration file: /etc/gettydefs. Even without this configuration file, the getty command line may be sufficient to set things up so that you don't need stty.
One may write C programs which change the stty configuration, etc. Looking at some of the documentation for this may help one better understand the use of the stty command (and its many possible arguments). Serial-Programming-HOWTO is useful. The manual page: termios contains a description of the C-language structure (of type termios) which stores the stty configuration in computer memory. Many of the flag names in this C-structure are almost the same (and do the same thing) as the arguments to the stty command.
To set hardware flow control use "crtscts". For software flow control there are 3 settings: ixon, ixoff, and ixany.
ixany: Mainly for terminals. Hitting any key will restarts the flow after a flow-control stop. If you stop scrolling with the "stop scroll" key (or the like) then hitting any key will resume scrolling. It's seldom needed since hitting the "scroll lock" key again will do the same thing.
ixon: Enables the port to listen for Xoff and to stop transmitting when it gets an Xoff. Likewise, it will resume transmitting if it gets an Xon.
ixoff: enables the port to send the Xoff signal out the transmit line when its buffers in main memory are nearly full. It protects the device where the port is located from being overrun.
For a slow dumb terminal (or other slow device) connected to a fast PC, it's unlikely the the PC's port will be overrun. So you seldom actually need to enable ixoff. But it's often enabled "just in case".
Using stty to configure the terminal that you are currently
using is easy. Doing it for a different (foreign) terminal or serial
port may be impossible. For example, let's say you are at the PC monitor
(tty1) and want to use stty to deal with the serial port ttyS2.
Prior to about 2000 you needed to use the redirection operator "<".
After 2000 (provided your version of setserial is >= 1.17 and stty >=
2.0) there is a better method using the -F option. This will work
when the old redirection method fails. Even with the latest versions
be warned that if there is a terminal on ttyS2 and a shell is running
on that terminal, then what you see will likely be deceptive and
trying to set it will not work. See
Two interfaces at a terminal to understand it.
The new method is ``stty -F /dev/ttyS2 ...'' (or --file instead of F). If ... is -a it displays all the stty settings. The old redirection method (which still works in later versions) is to type ``stty ... </dev/ttyS2''. If the new method works but the old one hangs, it implies that the port is hung due to a modem control line not being asserted. Thus the old method is still useful for troubleshooting. See the following subsection for details.
Here's a problem with the old redirection operator (which doesn't happen if you use the newer -F option instead). Sometimes when trying to use stty, the command hangs and nothing happens (you don't get a prompt for a next command even after hitting <return>). This is likely due to the port being stuck because it's waiting for one of the modem control lines to be asserted. For example, unless you've set "clocal" to ignore modem control lines, then if no CD signal is asserted the port will not open and stty will not work for it (unless you use the newer -F option). A similar situation seems to exist for hardware flow control. If the cable for the port doesn't even have a conductor for the pin that needs to be asserted then there is no easy way to stop the hang.
One way to try to get out of the above hang is to use the newer -F option and set "clocal" and/or "crtscts" as needed. If you don't have the -F option then you may try to run some program (such as minicom) on the port that will force it to operate even if the control lines say not to. Then hopefully this program might set the port so it doesn't need the control signal in the future in order to open: clocal or -crtscts. To use "minicom" to do this you likely will have to reconfigure minicom and then exit it and restart it. Instead of all this bother, it may be simpler to just reboot the PC.
The old redirection method makes ttyS2 the standard input to stty. This gives the stty program a link to the "file" ttyS2 so that it may "read" it. But instead of reading the bytes sent to ttyS2 as one might expect, it uses the link to find the configuration settings of the port so that it may read or change them. Some people tried to use ``stty ... > /dev/ttyS2'' to set the terminal. This will not do it. Instead, it takes the message normal displayed by the stty command for the terminal you are on (say tty1) and sends this message to ttyS2. But it doesn't change any settings for ttyS2.
When using a shell (such as bash) with command-line-editing enabled there are two different terminal interfaces (what you see when you type stty -a). When you type in modern shells at the command line you have a temporary "raw" interface (or raw mode) where each character is read by the command-line-editor as you type it. Once you hit the <return> key, the command-line-editor is exited and the terminal interface is changed to the nominal "cooked" interface (cooked mode) for the terminal. This cooked mode lasts until the next prompt is sent to the terminal (which is only a small fraction of a second). Note that one never gets to type anything to this cooked mode but what was typed in raw mode gets executed while in cooked mode.
When a prompt is sent to the terminal, the terminal goes from "cooked" to "raw" mode (just like it does when you start an editor since you are starting the command-line editor). The settings for the "raw" mode are based only on the basic settings taken from the "cooked" mode. Raw mode keeps these setting but changes several other settings in order to change the mode to "raw". It is not at all based on the settings used in the previous "raw" mode. Thus if one uses stty to change settings for the raw mode, such settings will be permanently lost as soon as one hits the <return> key at the terminal that has supposedly been "set".
Now when one types stty to look at the terminal interface, one may either get a view of the cooked mode or the raw mode. You need to figure out which one you're looking at. It you use stty from another (foreign) terminal then you will see the raw mode settings. Any changes made will only be made to the raw mode and will be lost when someone presses <return> at the terminal you tried to "set". But if you type a stty command at your terminal (without the -F option or redirection) and then hit <return> it's a different story. The <return> puts the terminal in cooked mode. Your changes are saved and will still be there when the terminal goes back into raw mode (unless of course it's a setting not allowed in raw mode).
This situation can create problems. For example, suppose you corrupt your terminal interface. To restore it you go to another terminal and "stty -F dev/ttyS1 sane" (or the like). It will not work! Of course you can try to type "stty sane ..." at the terminal that is corrupted but you can't see what you typed. All the above not only applies to dumb terminals but to virtual terminals used on a PC Monitor as well as to the terminal windows in X. In other words, it applies to almost everyone who uses Linux.
Luckily, when you start up Linux, any file that runs stty at boot-time will likely deal with a terminal (or serial port with no terminal) that has no shell running on it so there's no problem for this special case.
Should you need to have stty set up the serial interface each
time the computer starts up then you need to put the stty command
in a file that will be executed each time the computer is started up
(Linux boots). It should be run before the serial port is used
(including running getty on the port). There are many possible places
to put it. If it gets put in more than one place and you only know
about (or remember) one of those places, then a conflict is likely.
So make sure to document what you do.
One place to put it would be in the same file that runs setserial when the system is booted. The location is distribution and version dependent. It would seem best to put it after the setserial command so that the low level stuff is done first. If you have directories in the /etc tree where every file in them is executed at boot-time (System V Init) then you could create a file named "stty" for this purpose.
See Terminfo and Termcap (detailed) for a more detailed discussion of termcap. Many application programs that you run use the terminfo (formerly termcap) data base. This has an entry (or file) for each model or type (such as vt100) of terminal and tells what the terminal can do, what codes to send for various actions, and what codes to send to the terminal to initialize it.
Since many terminals (and PC's also) can emulate other terminals and have various "modes" of operation, there may be several terminfo entries from which to choose for a given physical terminal. They usually will have similar names. The last parameter of getty (for both agetty and getty_ps) should be the terminfo name of the terminal (or terminal emulation) that you are using (such as vt100).
The terminfo does more than just specify what the terminal is capable of doing and disclose what codes to send to the terminal to get it to do those things. It also specifies what "bold" will look like (will it be reverse video or will it be high intensity, etc.), what the cursor will look like, if the letters will be black, white, or some other color, etc. In PC terminology these are called "preferences". It also specifies initialization codes to send to the terminal (analogous to the init strings sent to modems). Such strings are not automatically sent to the terminal by Linux. See Init String. If you don't like the way the display on the screen looks and behaves you may need to edit (and then update) the terminfo (or termcap) file. See Terminfo Compiler (tic) for how to update.
These are two environment variables for terminals: TERM and TERMINFO, but you may not need to do anything about them. TERM must always be set to the type of the terminal you are using (such as vt100). If you don't know the type (name) see What is the terminfo name of my terminal ?. TERMINFO contains the path to the terminfo data base, but may not be needed if the database is in a default location (or TERMINFO could be set automatically by a file that comes with your distribution of Linux). You may want to look at Compiled database locations.
Fortunately, the getty program usually sets TERM for you just before login. It just uses the terminal type that was specified on getty's command line (in /etc/inittab). This permits application programs to find the name of your terminal and then look up the terminal capabilities in the terminfo data base. See TERM Variable for more details on TERM.
If your terminfo data base can't be found you may see an error message about it on your terminal. If this happens it's time to check out where terminfo resides and set TERMINFO if needed. You may find out where the terminfo database is by searching for a common terminfo file such as "vt100" using the "locate" command. Make sure that your terminal is in this database. An example of setting TERMINFO is: export TERMINFO=/usr/share/terminfo (put this in /etc/profile or the like). If the data for your terminal in this data base is not to your liking, you may need to edit it. See Terminfo & Termcap (brief).
You need the exact name in order to set the TERM environment
variable or to give to getty. The same name should be used by
both the termcap and terminfo databases so you only need to find it
once. A terminal usually has alias names but if more than one name is
shown, use the first one.
To find it, try looking at the /etc/termcap... file (if you have it). If not, then either look at the terminfo trees (see Compiled database locations) or try to find the terminfo source code file (see Source-code database locations.
The configuration file /etc/ttytype is used to map /dev/ttySn's to terminal names per terminfo. tset uses it, but if the TERM environment variable is already set correctly, then this file is not needed. Since the Linux getty sets TERM for each tty, you don't need this file. In other Unix-like systems such as FreeBSD, the file /etc/ttys maps ttys to much more, such as the appropriate getty command, and the category of connection (such as "dialup"). An example line of Linux ttytype: vt220 ttyS1
By default, the root user may not login from a terminal. To permit this you must create (or edit) the file /etc/securetty per the manual page "securetty". To restrict logins of certain users and/or certain terminals, etc. edit /etc/login.access (this replaces the old /etc/usertty file ??). /etc/login.def determines if /etc/securetty is to be used and could be edited so as to make /etc/securetty not needed (or not used). /etc/porttime restricts the times at which certain ttys and users may use the computer. If there are too many failed login attempt by a user, that user may be prohibited from ever logging in again. See the man page "faillog" for how to control this.
Sometimes there are commands that one wants to execute at start-up only for a certain type of terminal. To do this for the stty command is no problem since one uses the redirection operator < to specify which terminal the command is for. But what about shell aliases or functions? You may want to make a function for the ls command so it will color-code the listing of directories only on color terminals or consoles. For monochrome terminals you want the same function name (but a different function body) which will use symbols as a substitute for color-coding. Where to put such function definitions that are to be different for different terminals?
You may put them inside an "if" statement in /etc/profile which runs at startup each time one logs on. The conditional "if" statement defines certain functions, etc. only if the terminal is of a specified type.
While much of what this if statement does could be done in the configuration file for dircolors, here's an example for the case of the bash shell:
if [ "$TERM" = linux ]; then
eval `dircolors`;
elif [ "$TERM" = vt220 ]; then
ls () { command ls -F $* ; }# to export the function ls():
declare -xf ls
else echo "From /etc/profile: Unknown terminal type $TERM"
fi
There is a free program named "mapchan" which will map characters (bytes) typed at a terminal keyboard (input) into different characters per a user-supplied mapping table. It can also map characters which are sent to the screen (output). This is nice for remapping the keyboard for foreign language alphabets. Most distributions don't seem to supply it (let me know if any do). Source code by Yura Kalinichenko (Ukraine, but in Russian with English manual) was at "http://www.kron.vinnica.ua/free/download/" but this link is dead in 2003.