The basic goal of any power management technique is to reduce an entity's consumption. In the case of laptop power management, our focus is on decreasing CPU and hard drive usage. To make things a bit simpler, this is broken down into obvious, semi-obvious, and non-obvious techniques. Granted, your mileage may vary.
Suspend to Disk (S2D) is still an elusive task under Linux. The main project at the moment is swsusp, available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/swsusp. It's still in beta and requires manual patching of the kernel source.
hdparm is a Linux shell utility that can be used to spin down and improve the performance of various ATA/IDE drives. If it's not included with your system, you can fetch the source from http://freshmeat.net/redir/hdparm/4062/url_homepage/hardware. For example, the following provides 32-bit IO support with sync (-c3), DMA support (-d1), Advanced Power Management (-B128), write-caching (-W1), disk spin down after five minutes (-S60). gains me tremendous performance with added power savings. Note that your mileage may vary, and you'll want to adjust this for your specific system to prevent data loss (especially the -B and -m flags!).
In the following example, we run some read/write benchmarks of our hard drive before and after using hdparm. Note that while our cache reads remain about the same, our actual physical reads from the drive increase tremendously! If you like living on the edge, you can play with the -m, -c, -B, and -u switches with caution (see the man page).
bash# hdparm -tT /dev/hda Timing buffer-cache reads: 588 MB in 2.01 seconds = 292.15 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 14 MB in 3.46 seconds = 4.05 MB/sec bash# hdparm -k1 -K1 -c3 -d1 -W1 /dev/hda bash# hdparm -tT /dev/hda Timing buffer-cache reads: 596 MB in 2.01 seconds = 297.01 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 72 MB in 3.05 seconds = 23.58 MB/sec |
Examine your /etc/syslog.conf file for unnecessary logging activity and to optimize its performance. If you don't want to log any system activity, consider disabling syslogd and klogd entirely or, at the very least, minimize the amount of logging your system performs. You can also prefix each entry with the minus sign (-) to omit syncing the file after each log entry [1]. For example, this will log anything with a priority of info or higher, but lower than warning, to /var/adm/messages or /var/adm/mail without needing to sync to disk after each write. Since we want to keep all messages with a priority of warning, this will be logged to a different file without disabling disk syncing (to prevent data loss in the event of a system crash).
*.warning /var/adm/syslog *.info;*.!warning;mail.none -/var/log/messages mail.info;mail.!warning -/var/log/mail |
Another item to be aware of is the -- MARK -- messages that syslogd(8) writes. This will affect your hard drive inactivity settings. You can simply disable this by running syslogd(8) with:
if [ -x /usr/sbin/syslogd -a -x /usr/sbin/klogd ]; then # '-m 0' disabled 'MARK' messages /usr/sbin/syslogd -m 0 sleep 1 # '-c 3' displays errors on console # '-x' turns off broken EIP translation /usr/sbin/klogd -c 3 -x fi |
There are essentially two different types of screen blanking that can be performed under X-Windows: BlankTime and DPMS. The first is simply a fake "blanking" effect that doesn't actually save any power. The others are specific only to DPMS-compliant monitors, and must be specifically enabled to take effect. They are located in your XF86Config file, which normally resides in /etc/X11/XF86Config.
DPMS (Display Power Management Signaling) is a standard to reduce power consumption in monitors [2]. Typically, both the monitor and the video card must support the DPMS standard in order to receive any benefit from it. DPMS specifies four modes of operation (in order of increasing power savings): "Normal", "Standby", "Suspend" and "Off". Two signal lines, "Horizontal Sync" and "Vertical Sync" provide a method for signaling these four different states to a DPMS monitor.
If you have a DPMS-compliant monitor, you might want to try enabling support for it under the Monitor section of your XF86Config file:
Section "Monitor" [... other values here ...] Option "DPMS" EndSection |
To manipulate the DPMS functions, you can create/modify the following items in the ServerLayout section.
Section "ServerLayout" Option "BlankTime" "10" # Blank the screen in 10 minutes (Fake) Option "StandbyTime" "20" # Turn off screen in 20 minutes (DPMS) Option "SuspendTime" "30" # Full hibernation in 30 minutes (DPMS) Option "OffTime" "40" # Turn off DPMS monitor (DPMS) EndSection |
BlankTime is not actually a power saving level at all. The screen is sent a "fake" blanking effect and defaults to activate after 10 minutes. Alternately, it can indicate the number of minutes until the screensaver should activate. It has nothing to do with DPMS.
StandbyTime is a very minor power saving level. This setting usually involves blanking the screen by turning off the electron (RGB) gun. However, the power supply is left on and the tube filaments energized. When you need to use the monitor again, the monitor will come back on very quickly. This option requires DPMS monitor/video-card support and defaults to 20 minutes under X-Windows. Also known as hsync suspend mode, since the horizontal sync signal is turned off to signal this power management state to a DPMS monitor.
SuspendTime is a very strong low power alternative. This setting usually involves the same power conservation as StandbyTime, however in addition the power supply is turned off. This option requires DPMS monitor/video-card support and defaults to 30 minutes under X-Windows. Also known as vsync suspend mode, since the vertical sync signal is turned off to signal this power management state to a DPMS monitor.
OffTime usually means just that. The computer monitor is turned off. A small auxiliary circuit stays on to monitor the signals from the computer to turn the monitor back on when data needs to be displayed to the screen. Obviously, this keeps power consumption to a bare minimum (zero). While the power saving is substantial, to reactivate the monitor may take up to 8-10 seconds. This option requires DPMS monitor/video-card support and defaults to 40 minutes under X-Windows. Both the horizontal and vertical sync signals are turned off to signal this power management state to a DPMS monitor.
After activating your changes and restarting X-Windows, you might want to examine your logfile to see if your video card has any problems with your changes:
$ egrep "^\(WW|EE\)" /var/log/XFree86.0.log |
There may be additional options that you can enable for your specific video card/chip driver; see the XFree86 Documentation website for specifics.
Of course, all of this can also be activated "on-the-fly" by using xset(1). If you don't have access to your system's XF86Config file, a good place to put these commands would be in your ~/.Xsession or ~/.xinitrc file.
$ xset -dpms # Disable DPMS $ xset +dpms # Enable DPMS $ xset s off # Disable screen blanking $ xset s 150 # Blank the screen after 150 seconds $ xset dpms 300 600 900 # Set standby, suspend, & off times (in seconds) $ xset dpms force standby # Immediately go into standby mode $ xset dpms force suspend # Immediately go into suspend mode $ xset dpms force off # Immediately turn off the monitor $ xset -q # Query current settings |
If instead you're using the Linux console (not X-Windows), you'll want to use setterm(1):
$ setterm -blank 10 # Blank the screen in 10 minutes $ setterm -powersave on # Put the monitor into VESA power saving mode $ setterm -powerdown 20 # Set the VESA powerdown to 20 minutes |
Energy Star is a United States government-backed program to promote energy efficiency standards. Of interest:
An ENERGY STAR qualified computer, in sleep mode, uses 70% less electricity than computers without power management features.
An ENERGY STAR qualified monitor, in sleep mode, uses 90% less electricity than monitors without power management features.
Typically, Energy Star savings is accomplished by other power management settings and is not, in and of itself, a power management technique.
Consider disabling your swap file in /etc/fstab to reduce hard drive access. If you've got lots of memory, this is definitely the way to go. One way to tell if you need your swap file is to enable it, use your system for a period of time, and examine /proc/meminfo and /proc/swaps to determine how much free memory you've got on average, and whether or not your swap file is even being utilized.
For example, today I've compiled several intensive programs and have been running my laptop for about eight hours straight. A simple examination of my system reveals:
bash$ cat /proc/swaps Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/hda3 partition 136544 0 -1 bash$ cat /proc/meminfo MemTotal: 513880 kB MemFree: 254820 kB Buffers: 42812 kB Cached: 142880 kB SwapCached: 0 kB Active: 159644 kB Inactive: 76888 kB HighTotal: 0 kB HighFree: 0 kB LowTotal: 513880 kB LowFree: 254820 kB SwapTotal: 136544 kB SwapFree: 136544 kB Dirty: 0 kB Writeback: 0 kB Mapped: 86148 kB Slab: 10748 kB Committed_AS: 203944 kB PageTables: 1140 kB VmallocTotal: 516076 kB VmallocUsed: 1468 kB VmallocChunk: 514604 kB HugePages_Total: 0 HugePages_Free: 0 Hugepagesize: 4096 kB |
Given this, I'd opt to disable my swapfile if this is any indicator of my future usage.
Compile your kernel with tmpfs (temporary file system) enabled and mount your /tmp directory using it. The useful bit here is that nothing will be written to your hard drive on this mount point as it will act like a RAM disk (however nothing will be saved either). The advantage of tmpfs over the more traditional ramfs is that it lives in the kernel internal cache and grows and shrinks to accommodate the files placed there. See your kernel's Documentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txt for full information. If you don't specify a maximum size, it will default to a ceiling limit of half your available memory. An example /etc/fstab with 100MB temporary ram file mounted on /tmp would look like:
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs size=100m,mode=1777 0 0 |
Modifying /proc/sys/vm/bdflush allows a user to specify under what circumstances dirty buffers are flushed to disk, how many such buffers exist, etc. Details are in linux_src_tree/Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt (thanks to Marc Liberatore for pointing this out).
Boot your system and list the currently loaded modules with lsmod. Anything listed here most likely needs to be loaded on a regular basis; compiling these in as part of your kernel rather than as loadable modules may help to decrease the amount of time they must be loaded from disk, and to a very minor degree, decrease the amount of disk access required to start your system.
Examine your crontab settings to see if anything is being run on a regular basis. Comment out any unnecessary items. Don't forget to examine every user's crontab, including the user 'nobody'. If you don't need to schedule any background activity, consider disabling crond alltogether. The same advice goes for atd.
If you run httpd to test and/or develop web pages, try altering the values of MinSpareServers and StartServers to 1. Don't define any CustomLogging or at least increase the value of LogLevel to warn. If you're really sure of yourself, you can change the ErrorLog directive to point to /dev/null.
Consider creating a power-saving script that will immediately take your laptop into low-power mode:
#!/bin/sh if [ -x /usr/sbin/hdparm ]; then hdparm -y /dev/hda fi if [ -x /usr/X11R6/bin/xset ]; then xset dpms force off fi |
Additionally, it's worth considering anything in the following areas:
Adjust your system's BIOS settings to decrease or turn off your display's backlight.
Adjust your system's BIOS settings to reduce the CPU clock speed while on battery.
Avoid using PCMCIA devices while on battery. Better yet, eject your PCMCIA cards when not in use.
Avoid using external devices with your computer while on battery. This includes printers, external monitors, zip drives, and portable cameras.
Avoid using built-in devices while on battery. This includes cdroms and floppy drives.
Use simple software. A full blown multimedia application will create a lot more system load and disk activity than a small simple word processor
Use a simple window manager. While Gnome and KDE are nice, the extra time it takes to load and run is not worth it while on battery power. One nifty idea is to use a different xinitrc script to launch a different, more simple window manager based on whether or not your system is on battery power.
It used to be beneficial to recompile the Linux PCMCIA drivers to allow the slots to have APM power support. However, most of the functionality of these drivers are now built into the kernel itself. If you're interested in specifics, the PCMCIA project page is available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/pcmcia-cs/.
Some people believe that APM offers better power savings over ACPI, and vice-versa. While their power management techniques differ, in actual battery-usage tests, both reportedly perform about the same.
Contrary to popular belief, Lithium Ion (see below) batteries do suffer from a memory effect. Luckily, the effect is not large over the lifespan of a typical battery (3-4 years). Anyone who tells you different is selling something.
| [1] | syslogd.c |
| [2] | http://www.vesa.org/vbe3.pdf |